The intelligibility of turkish and the central asian turkic languages like uzbek, kazakh, kyrghyz and turkmen is much exaggerated. Receptive intelligibility of turkish to iranianazerbaijani speakers. Are the turkic langauges such as turkish, uzbek, and kazakh. Endangered turkic languages of china ku scholarworks. The high degree of mutual intelligibility already enjoyed by turkic languages across eurasia is even more pronounced among the turkic languages of china, due to their contact with dominant languages. Although there is a very high degree of mutual intelligibility between both forms of azerbaijani, there are significant differences in phonology, lexicon, morphology, syntax and sources of loanwords. Turkic languages also show some chinese loanwords that point to early contact during the time of proto turkic robbeets et al.
Under colonialism, thailand was an independent kingdom, but laos was under french rule. Jan 04, 2010 languages aremutually intelligible which languages are mutually intelligible. Pdf mutual intelligibility among the turkic languages. Finally, we carried out a regression analysis to determine the relative importance of these linguistic and extralinguistic predictors for the mutual intelligibility between germanic languages. Specifically, turkmen is included in the subgroup of southern turkic oguz languages, along with turkish, crimean tatar, and azeri. Receptive intelligibility of turkish to iranianazerbaijani speakers mohammad salehi 1 and aydin neysani abstract. There is a high degree of mutual intelligibility among the various oghuz languages, which include turkish, azerbaijani, turkmen, qashqai, gagauz, balkan gagauz turkish and oghuzinfluenced crimean tatar. For long, they were nonliterary languages, spoken by shepherds, horse and reindeer herdsmen and by hunters, and several of them remained in this state until the last century. The chinese languages were expanded from ethnologues 14 to 708 languages, and there may be many more. They speak the azerbaijani language, belonging to the oghuz branch of the turkic languages. Mutual intelligibility between southern and central. Turkic languages project gutenberg selfpublishing ebooks. A string of dialects may be mutually intelligible, but not transitive e.
Are the turkic langauges such as turkish, uzbek, and. Although methods of classification vary, the turkic languages are usually considered to be divided equally into two branches. Musical mutual intelligibility in the medieval mediterranean dwight f. Regarding this background, we designed an experiment within the framework of receptive. The turkic languages closely resemble each other and form a complex of mutually intelligible dialects. According to this definition, dialects are mutually intelligible varieties, whereas languages are so linguistically different that their speakers are. Some experts also consider japanese and korean part of this phylum, or family, although evidence of this is debated. Mutual intelligibility among the turkic languages beyond. Mutual intelligibility between closely related language in europe. Although there is a very high degree of mutual intelligibility between both forms of azerbaijani, there are some significant differences in phonology, lexicon, morphology, syntax and sources of loanwords.
No, they could not understand each other if every of them were conversating in their mother tongue. Kyrgyz language is mutually intelligible with kazakh and uzbek all of which are turkic languages. Pdf a comparison of modern turkic languages turkish. These mutually intelligible languages will make you do a. The turkic languages are a language family of at least thirtyfive 2 languages, spoken by turkic peoples from southeastern europe and the mediterranean to siberia and western china, and are proposed to be part of the controversial altaic language family. On the other hand, speakers of closely related languages can often communicate with each other to a fair degree. Chinese languages were reanalyzed to determine the number of languages in the family. In many romance language configurations, some degree of mutual intelligibility appears to be present.
Many of the turkic languages are to some extent mutually intelligible due to a shared. In fact, all turkic languages are close to each other, but not all of them are intelligible. Dutchgerman dialect continuum its a matter of degree, no clearcut intelligibility test theres no such thing as languages. The turkic family of languages with all important related dialects was analyzed on. Asqs post is an example, thats unfortunately because of huge range, many words gained different meanings, some words dropped out of usage and replaced by an alternative turkic word, new words are appeared. We first tested both written and spoken language by means of cloze tests. Characteristic features of the azerbaijani language are. How mutually intelligible are the turkic languages. Turkic migration refers to the expansion of the turkic tribes and turkic languages into central asia, eastern europe and west asia, mainly between the 6th and 11th centuries.
The mutual inteligibility of the chinese and indian. The degree to which a speaker of one variety understands the speech of another closely related variety can be expressed in a single number closely related languages. Turkic languages are spoken as a native language by some 170 million people and the total number of turkic speakers, including second language speakers, is over 200 million. Oct 23, 2019 mutual intelligibility is a situation in which two or more speakers of a language or of closely related languages can understand each other. Dec 09, 2007 i also suspect that such things as decoding menus would be much easier too.
Linguistic and extralinguistic predictors of mutual. Pdf download for receptive multilingualism and language understanding. Kyrgyz is a language of the turkic language family and one of the main official languages of kyrgyzstan, the other one being russian. It is commonly believed that all slavic languages are fully mutually intelligible, which implies that they are close. That is, there is some intelligibility between most of the turkic languages, but generally below 90%. Turkic languages the reader wiki, reader view of wikipedia. While many turkic languages demonstrate mutual intelligibility to varying degrees, chuvash has diverged considerably from the other languages in the group. Discoveries on the turkic linguistic map turkic languages. Kazakh and kyrgyz may be better seen as mutually intelligible dialects of a single tongue which are regarded. A high degree of mutual intelligibility mi is observed when speakers of different languages can efficiently communicate with each other using their native varieties.
That is, there is some intelligibility between most of the turkic languages but generally below 90%. Furthermore, understanding this connection can make it easier to learn an additional language. The pre turkic population that lived on the territory of modern azerbaijan spoke several indo. Language was tested with an age appropriate language test namely the dutch version of the clinical evaluation of language fundamentals. Journal of language evolution, volume 5, issue 1, january 2020, pages 3953. Pdf mutual intelligibility of languages in the slavic. The truth is that mutual intelligibility in turkic is much less than proclaimed. Nov 24, 20 the main languages in india fall into two groups. We tested twenty language combinations using the same uniform methodology, making the results commensurable for the first time. We report on a largescale investigation of the mutual intelligibility between five germanic languages.
The point is that while mutual intelligibility occurs in all possible shades, rendering it use. Morphosyntax of mutual intelligibility in the turkic. Mutual intelligibility also occurs in a wide variety of degrees, ranging from none, to partial, to full mutual intelligibility. The truth is that the mutual intelligibility in turkic is much less than proclaimed. The speech samples evaluated in this study are the same as those used by derwing and munro. Pdf mutual intelligibility among the turkic languages robert. The turkic languages are a language family of at least 35 documented languages, spoken by. The need for mutual intelligibility amongst sparselyscattered nomads doubtless prevented the growth of deep speech divisions within the turkic linguistic family. Speakers of these languages who went to study in turkey said they had problems with the turkish language. So, i was reading a book and in its discussion on dialect language. Spanish italian mutual intelligibility is a prime example of the failure of mutual intelligibility as a determiner of samedifferent language.
Now, there are many languages that are mutually intelligible, for example danish, swedish, and norwegian, or several of the turkic languages, including. Regarding bullet point saying that uygur and uzbek are mutually understandable. Pdf mutual intelligibility between west and south slavic. Romance languages, etymology, cognates, string similarity 1. Robert lindsay california state university, fresno.
Could central asian turkic people understand each other. There are conflicting reports about the mutual intelligibility of turkic languages, but still, they differ much less among each other than say,the germanic or romance languages. Musical mutual intelligibility in the medieval mediterranean. It is generally used as the most important criterion for distinguishing languages from dialects, although sociolinguistic factors are often also used. Turkish is mutually intelligible, barring these vocabulary differences, with the turkic languages spoken in adjacent areas, such as azerbaijani, uzbek, and. The mutual intelligibility of l2 speech volume 28 issue 1. Brief introduction to the azerbaijani language peace corps. In the present study we tested the level of mutual intelligibility between three west slavic czech, slovak and polish and three south slavic languages croatian, slovene and bulgarian.
Azerbaijani and turkish are two closelyrelated languages from oguz branch of turkic languages, which are said to be mutually intelligible. Rule based morphological analyzer of kazakh language. According to this definition, dialects are mutually intelligible varieties, whereas languages are so linguistically different that their speakers are unable to understand each other. Definition of language in terms of mutual intelligibility two caveats. That is because the languages, while generally not above 90% mutually intelligible which is the requirement to be dialects, do have varying degrees of intelligibility. Some linguists claim that mutual intelligibility is, ideally at least, the primary criterion separating languages from dialects. There is a high degree of mutual intelligibility between turkish and the other oghuz turkic languages, including azerbaijani, turkmen, qashqai, gagauz, and balkan gagauz turkish. Introduction and related work determining degrees of similarity between the worlds languages is an intensely debated issue lebart and rajman, 2000, many of the controversies in historical and com.
Southern turkic is a subgroup of common turkic, which also includes kazakh, uzbek, uigur. To what degree are turkic languages mutually intelligible. In linguistics, mutual intelligibility is a relationship between languages or dialects in which speakers of different but related varieties can readily understand each other without intentional study or special effort. In fact, uygur probably differs less from turkish than some dialects within germany and italy,for example. Languages in peripheral areas, however, tend to have many innovations due to the historical mobility of the turkic peoples, and to contact with other language families. They were elicited from 48 participants, 12 nss each of cantonese, japanese, polish, and spanish, all of whom were enrolled in highintermediatelevel esl classes in a community college program in edmonton, canada. That turkish and azerbaijani are closely related languages within the oghuz branc. Mutual intelligibility among the turkic languages by robert lindsay abstract. Receptive intelligibility of turkish to iranianazerbaijani.
Keywords azerbaijani, language understanding, mutual intelligibility. Ma robert lindsay mutual intelligibility among the turkic. Linguistic minorities in turkey and turkicspeaking minorities of the. Mutual intelligibility is a continuum that is, a gradient concept, marked by degrees of intelligibility, not by sharp divisions. As germans in different countries chose standard german as the school language, once cagatay turkish was the standard language in central asia. The turkic languages, together with the mongolian and manchutungus languages, form the uralaltaic language group. Are turkish, turkmen, uzbek, and kazakh all mutually. As such, spoken danish and swedish normally have low mutual intelligibility, but swedes in the oresund region including malmo and helsingborg, across a strait from the danish capital copenhagen, understand danish somewhat better, largely due to. Sep 05, 2011 even if there is a low degree of mutual intellibility between some turkic languages, they still can have a basic conversation in everdaylife situations, such as buying, selling, asking way, speaking about weather, asking for help, emergency situations, hospital, pharmacy, ordering a meal at a restaurant, buying ticket and so other basic daily. Historically and linguistically, among the turkic languages, turkish and azerbaijani are the most closely related, which leads one to expect a high potential for mutual intelligibility. Machine translation for crimean tatar to turkish association for. Chinese turkic languages are spoken primarily in chinese turkestan xinjiang. The turkic language with the greatest number of speakers is turkish, spoken mainly in anatolia and the balkans.
Among all the turkic languages, there are similar grammatical structures, similar phonetics, some shared vocabulary, and high mutual intelligibility. Turkic languages are spoken as a native language by some 170 million people, and the total number of turkic speakers, including second language speakers, is over 200 million. Turkic has effectively 0% intelligibility with yakut or sakha. The mutual intelligibility of l2 speech studies in second. Are any turkic languages mutually intelligible to a high extent with. The 90% intelligibility metric was used, and anything under 90% was considered to be evidence of a structurally separate language. Trudgill 2000 introduced the intelligibility criterion, and this has become the standardor at least the primarycriterion among many linguists.
Mutual intelligibility between the main romance languages. There are two main branches of the turkic languages. May 28, 2014 i would say that there is a significant amount of mutual intelligibility among all turkic languages, from istanbul to urumqi. It is a member of the kazakhnogai subgroup of the kypchak languages, and modern day language convergence has resulted in an increasing degree of mutual intelligibility between kyrgyz and kazakh. I can share my own observations, i am not expert on these languages but interacted with native speakers of the languages. All turkic speaking regions of china are in contact with two varieties of mandarin chinese. Western thrace turkic languages turkey ottoman empire ottoman turkish language.
The most mutually intelligible language with turkish is gagauz turkic spoken in maldova, ukraine, greece, romania, bulgaria and turkey. Ussr divided the central asian turkic speech communities into separate languages. The first group includes hindi, the closest thing to a national lingua franca along with english which is actually the native language of the hindi belt of much of the gangetic plain think delhi, uttar pradesh. Mutual intelligibility of languages in the slavic family. Mutual intelligibility among the slavic languages by robert lindsay the mutual intelligibility mi of the languages of the slavic family is an interesting topic because many are mutually intelligible to one degree or another. And it should be added that the alphabets and the scripting systems also can support mutual intelligibility among turkic speaking peoples, if. Researching mutual intelligibility among the turkic languages. Mutual intelligibility refers to whether speakers of one language can understand speakers of another language. Mutual intelligibility between closely related languages intelligibility. Turkic languages are a group of languages of the same origin, spoken in a vast area extending from pontocaspian steppes, balkans and west asia to central asia. Language varieties dialects and languages 2712009 4 mutual intelligibility between. Bayesian phylolinguistics infers the internal structure and the time.
Chuvash is a turkic language spoken in central russia, primarily in the chuvash republic and adjacent areas. Receptive multilingualism and language understanding. Words in kazakh language can be generated from root words recursively by adding proper suffixes. Northern germanic languages spoken in scandinavia form a dialect continuum where two furthermost dialects have almost no mutual intelligibility. Thus, kazakh language has agglutinative form and has vowel harmony property except for loanwords from other languages such as russian, persian and arabic.
There is a certain amount of mutual intelligibility among all the languages that are vernacular developments over the last few centuries in the areas that used persian as the language of administration until recently i. It is the only surviving member of the oghur branch of turkic languages. This understanding can be in spoken or written communication. My understanding is that oguz dialects are more mutually intelligible than some german dialects. The mutual intelligibility between turkic speakers depends on the speakers mother tongue. The high degree of mutual intelligibility already enjoyed by turkic languages. Between turkic languages, there is mutual intelligibilty in varying degrees. This document pdf may be used for research, teaching and private study purposes. And citation given in the article is irrelevant its reference to a book about turkic languages. Spanish is the language that is easiest to understand for all listener groups a mean of 57. I think one of the most important factors differentiates turkic languages is different directions of evolution. The truth is that the mutual intelligibility in turkic.
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