In ethiopia, khat is commonly known as cash crop grown by great majority of smallholder farmers in eastern and southern ethiopia. Chewing khat increasingly popular among ethiopians voice of. Assessment of drug addiction and its associated factor among. Although khat is reported to cause various health problems, what constitutes problematic khat use has never been systematically investigated. In europe, khat is controlled in some, but not all, countries. When i repeat this witticism to other ethiopians, however, i rarely get a smile. Perceived psychological, economic, and social impact of khat. Pdf public discourse on khat catha edulis production in. Khat contains the alkaloids cathine and cathinone which have amphetaminelike properties and has been used for centuries in many african countries for its euphoric e ect and as a sanctionedculturalpractice. Regular khat catha edulis chewing is associated with. The waste production is also enormous that needs proper disposal mechanism.
Khat is now one of ethiopia s largest crops by area of cultivation, the countrys second largest export earner, and an essential source of income for millions of ethiopian farmers. Within the muslim countries like yemen and ethiopia, khat. Khat, or qat, is a stimulant commonly used in east africa, yemen, and southern saudi arabia. Prevalence of alcohol use and associated factors among dilla. Prevalence and factors associated with use of khat. A controversial land use and livelihood change scenario 150 outstanding cup quality 1. Chewing khat and risky sexual behavior among residents of. The khat is now cultivated in almost onethird area of. Objective the study was aimed to determine the prevalence of chewing khat and its relation with risky sexual behaviors among residents of bahir dar city administration, northwest ethiopia. Prevalence of common mental disorder and its association with. Legally, khat is banned in many countries, but chewing khat is still commonplace in ethiopia and the wider horn of africa region. Every afternoon, the drowsy streets come alive with the arrival of a pickup truck filled with khat freshly harvested fagots, directly from the city of harar northeast, one of the main production centers of. The available literatures in ethiopia reported highly variable results of prevalence of.
In eastern africa countries such as kenya, ethiopia and somalia, khat was traditionally used during muslim religious ceremonies and when studying koran, as a natural plant remedy with medical properties and for reducing fatigue while travelling or working odenwald, 2007. Suicidal thoughts among university students in ethiopia. Icd10, an international manual for the classification of mental disorders. Prevalence of khat chewing and associated factors in ethiopia. Unit value of coffee compared to khat in the addis market usdkg particulars 201617 201718 201819 201920 coffee bean 3 3. Ethiopia battles khat, alcohol addiction movendi international. By multi stage sampling, 1200 individuals were included in the study. Prevalence and risk factors for khat use among youth students in. The eastern part of ethiopia is generally known for its cash crop production, predominantly khat and coffee, and food crop deficit 1. Proportion of study participants who faced problems due to their or someone elses khat chewing practices, by sex and place of residence in ethiopia, 2015 in the multivariate logistic regression model table 4, khat chewing in urban areas was higher than rural areas factors independently associated with khat chewing in.
Khat is also one of ethiopias biggest export commodities. Khat chewing prevalence and correlates among university staff in. Khat chewing practice and associated factors among adults in. Problematic khat use, exploratory mixed methods, ethiopia. Chewing of khat ha s been associated with a tran sient rise in blood pressure. Geographic variation and factors associated with khat chewing. In 2004, kansas city police department kcpd reported the emergence of a new form of khat within the somali community.
In ethiopia, being a university student appears to. Apr 30, 20 the cultural tradition of chewing khat, a leaf that is a mild narcotic, is on the rise in ethiopia. Chewing of the leaves of the plant khat catha edulis. At least two dozen countries have listed khat as a controlled substance. Mains also provides a consideration of social theories concerning space, time, and capitalism.
This paper tries to study the history of khat production and expansion in ethiopia. The most commonly mentioned reasons for the initiation of khat chewing were to stay alert, for better concentration and social engagement, and to increase their academic performance 3, 6. Data collection a survey verbally administered in amharic to participants included assessment of. Ethiopia also produces large quantity of municipal solid waste. Distribution of current khat consumption nationally and by regions among participants of ncd steps survey in ethiopia, 2015 region ever chewed khat currently chewing khat among the ever chewers yes no yes no n % n % n % n % tigray 24 3.
Khat has its fervent supporters in ethiopia, as afp has recently seen in little mogadishu, a district of the capital addis ababa. All studies conducted in ethiopia on khat chewing among students irrespective of time frame were included. Khat chewing among ethiopian university students a. Data analysis was done using spss for window version.
It is a stimulant like amphetamine and the active ingredients, cathinone and cathine, are class c drugs. Who tobacco fact sheet updated may 2017, who world media center. The robust standard error method of generalized estimating equations was used for the binary outcome variable. The overall khat chewing prevalence among students was 20.
Figure 1 shows the cultivation of khat in different parts of ethiopia. The magnitude of khat use and its association with health, nutrition and socioeconomic status. Khat, previously known to grow mainly in the eastern part of ethiopia, was widely cultivated in all parts of the country. An ethiopian friend once joked that no matter what question you ask an ethiopian, the answer always begins, well, three thousand years ago. Nov 21, 2014 this study provides a more accurate prevalence of khat use as compared to most of the recent studies on khat use among university students in ethiopia. Khat is a stimulant, and its leaves and twigs are chewed by many people in the arabian peninsula and the horn of africa.
Jun 19, 2015 background khat chewing has become a highly prevalent practice and a growing public health concern in ethiopia. The government of ethiopia passed an antitobacco bill in 2015 that includes measures governing tobacco consumption, advertising, packaging, and labeling. The plant is known by different names in different countries but in most of the literature it is known as khat 2. Definition and validity of the construct problematic khat use. Fresh leaves and buds of the khat plant catha edulis contain cathinone, an amphetamine like alkaloid responsible for its pharmacological action. A community based study, in jimma city, southwestern ethiopia. Khat chewing is common in the countries of the horn of africa ethiopia. Pesticideresidueanalysisofkhatleavesandhealthrisksamong. Higher consumption of khat in ethiopia has led to increasingdemand,andthis,inturn,needsextensiveuseof pesticides to increase production.
Although ethiopia has a relatively low rate in the region, it is not immune to the tobacco epidemic. Khat has been consumed in ethiopia for long period of time. World health organization 2014 isbn 978 92 4 069276 3 pdf. Being a 4thyear student, having friends who use substances, being khat user, and being cigarette smoker were associated significantly with alcohol use. In ethiopia, being a university student appears to increase alcohol use. The east african nation is one of the worlds chief exporters of the crop, earning hundreds of.
Khat is now one of ethiopia s largest crops by area of cultivation, the countrys second largest export earner, and. Khat is an integral part of the agricultural systems of nearly all regions of ethiopia. Pdf prevalence of khat chewing and associated factors in. Pdf khat expansion and forest decline in wondo genet, ethiopia. Besides khat, landlocked ethiopia is in terested in. A study done on cigarette smoking and khat chewing among college students in north west ethiopia revealed. Prevalence of alcohol use and associated factors among. In ethiopia, khat chewing is more prevalent and widely practiced by men. In this study, prevalence of cigarette smoking was found to be 8.
Assessment of drug addiction and its associated factor. The value of ethiopian khat exports to so maliland. Jun 12, 2018 introduction khat is a wellknown natural stimulant and is widely used in ethiopia, particularly in bahir dar city. Credit tiksa negeri for the new york times often associated with famine and marathon runners, ethiopia is trying to change its global image by engineering a fastgrowing economy, hoping to mimic asian nations like china. Assessments of sexual practices and khat chewing habits among. Despite the daily use and consumption of khat by millions of people and khat, left over by livestock in ethiopia and other countries chewing it has deeprooted social and cultural tradition kalix and braenden, 1985. Jul 07, 2008 the use or misuse of addictive substances, such as cigarettes, alcohol, and khat catha edulis forsk is increasingly prevalent in ethiopia 14. Before beginnings of 21st century, only limited amount of khat was chewed in ethiopia for socialization and religious purpose. The prevalence of khat use in ethiopia varies across populations. This study aimed to identify factors associated with khat chewing practice among ethiopian adults. Khat chewing in persons with severe mental illness in ethiopia. Khat chewing is linked with risky sexual behaviors. Khat leaves from the evergreen bush catha edulis are typically chewed while fresh, but can also be smoked, brewed in tea, or sprinkled on food. Apr 01, 2016 ethiopia is the leading producer of khat globally.
The 12item multidimensional scale of perceived social support tool mspss was used to assess level of social support nonelow or mediumhigh in students. Ethiopia is believed to be the country of origin of khat where millions. Aug 28, 2019 khat which is commonly used in the country is understood to be an initiation drug for alcohol. Particularly in ethiopian context, khat chewing was practiced by older men in. Methods the study used the 2011 ethiopian demographic. Depression, anxiety, stress, and associated factors among. Khat consumption, traditionally confined to a certain segment of the population, had become popular among all segments of the population. Diis publications can be downloaded free of charge. Perceived psychological, economic, and social impact of. Prevalence of common mental disorder and its association. Chewing of the leaves of the plant khat catha edulis forsk is a common habit in.
Among a total of 643 clusters, 621 were considered for the spatial analysis of khat chewing in ethiopia 21 clusters dropped because of no coordinate data in the cluster. In its original subtropical locale of ethiopia and yemen, khat grows very easily into small sized trees or large shrubs. Although there have been many small scale studies, very limited national information has been available in the general population. Ethiopia is the worlds largest producer of khat, which is the countrys fastest growing export. The production of khat in ethiopia has boomed over the last two decades, making the country the worlds leading source.
Apr 23, 2010 the khat farmer, trader, and majority of chewers are deeply tied to the leaves for historical, economic and cultural reasons. This study has much larger sample size which represent all the undergraduate students compared to previous studies conducted among university students in ethiopia , 15. Chewing the leaves of catha edulis khat, qat results. Manurial value of khat waste vermicompost from awday. While ethiopia s khat trade continues to expand, a growing number of countries around the world are criminalizing its sale and consumption. Like coffee and other beverages, khat plays an important role in the social life of people in most parts of ethiopia in general and the somali region in particular. Researcharticle perceived psychological, economic, and social impact of khat chewing among adolescents and adults in nekemte town, east welega zone, west ethiopia.
Each point on the map represents one enumeration area with a prevalence of khat chewing in each cluster. Aside from alcohol, khat must now be the most researched psychoactive substance in africa. Exploring the concept of problematic khat use in the gurage. Results the metaanalysis of 24 studies revealed that the pooled prevalence of khat chewing among university students in ethiopia was 23. The world health organization who classified khat as drug of abuse that can produce psychological dependence in 1980. A historical overview of khat production in ethiopia. Khat catha edulis is a slow growing stimulant shrub or tree that grows in rainy area of. The overall prevalence of khat use in ethiopia was 15.
Mar 21, 2017 background khat is a psychostimulant herb, which has been in use in traditional societies in east africa and the middle east over many centuries. Socio economic impact of khat addiction on the family. Khat chewing among ethiopian university students a growing. Graba, a dried form of khat that is similar in appear ance to marijuana, has been seized by kcpd.
Ethiopia domestic coffee consumption in 201920 is estimated to be 3. In khat producing areas of ethiopia, the prevalence of khat use is high, varying from 30. Manurial value of khat waste vermicompost from awday, harar. Khat acquires the status of cash crop in ethiopia the country thought to be the placeoforigin of the use of khat cox and rampes, 2003.
In ethiopia, khat chewing has a deeprooted history and is commonly used for social and religious purposes 2. Although, anyone who has the intention to grow khat, may do so using seeds. The chemistry of khat and adverse effect of khat chewing core. There are several evidences for the expansion of khat in ethiopia. Pdf public discourse on khat catha edulis production. People chew the leaves and young bud of khat for social and psychological reasons 3, 4. What is now needed is empirical research that identifies the impairment effects of khat grounded in social understanding of how khat. According to reports from ethiopia, the prevalence of problematic khat use was estimated to be 20% in the general population 19 and. In eastern ethiopia, chewing khat is common and becoming an everyday social drug which sold and bought in cities such as dire dawa and harar in eastern ethiopia. Major portion of it is khat waste discarded by users and exporters.
Khat is legal and generates more money per acre than any other crop in ethiopia. Research article open access khat use in people living with. Spatial distribution and factors associated with khat. Regardless of its origin and history, chewing khat in ethiopia was limited mainly by muslims at times of births, marriages, and religious festivals particularly among the agricultural eastern oromo. In conclusion, the prevalence of alcohol use among students at dilla university was high. Khat is evergreen shrub that grows on high altitudes in the region extending from eastern africa to southern africa, as well as on the arabian peninsula. Jul 12, 2019 background tobacco smoking is growing at an alarming rate in the developing world and subsaharan africa. Overview of literature and information on khatrelated mortality.
Khat is from a shrub that has been chewed for centuries by people from the horn of africa and arabian peninsula, including the uk, particularly from countries such as somalia, ethiopia and yemen. People with severe mental illness smi in ethiopia chew khat despite advice from their. Khat is a perennial cash crop which has psychoactive properties whose tender leaves are chewed for euphonizing effects. Spatial distribution and factors associated with khat chewing. In ethiopia, chewing of khat is becoming habitual and increasing at an alarming rate, especially in the younger segment of the population 17. Previous studies from ethiopia indicate that khat use is more common among muslims compared to christians 15, men and younger people 18. Within the muslim countries like yemen and ethiopia, khat consumption is high because all other drugs are forbidden by religious laws while khat is regarded as a gift from god handed over to a monk to enable them pray overnight patel, 2008.
Through a close ethnographic examination of young mens daytoday liveshope is cutexplores the construction of optimism through activities like formal schooling, the consumption of international films, and the use of khat, a mild stimulant. Jan 01, 2015 regular khat users classify the leaves based on type, taste, and potency, and the particular variety of khat used by a person can reflect their social and financial status. Ethiopia steps survey 2015 alcohol consumption khat sheet ethiopia steps survey 2015 fact sheet ethiopia steps survey 2015 tobacco fact sheet ethiopia steps survey 2015 road traffic accident fact sheet. Harai in ethiopia is considered the best and, in kenya, giza is the preferred type. About a third of the production is exported to djibouti and somalia, but the. Ethiopia is thought to be the country of origin of khat use 5. Some sources moreover, mention ethiopia as the origin of khat production and the country that takes the lion share of khat. In meylers side effects of drugs sixteenth edition, 2016.
Global status report on alcohol and health 2014 ed. Ncd report posted on wednsday, march 22, 2017 ethiopia steps report on risk factors for noncommunicable diseaes and. Ezekiel gebissa offers a detailed study of the emergence of khat as a cash crop in harerge, in eastern ethiopia. Substance use and associated factors among debre berhan. In ethiopia, approximately onethird of college students chew khat 6. Frequent khat use in the longterm has been associated. Khat chewing practice and its perceived health effects among. Exploring the concept of problematic khat use in the gurage community, south central ethiopia.
A comparative study workineh getahun1, teferi gedif1 and fikru tesfaye2 abstract background. However, the lack of consistency in the methods and instruments used in different studies limits the ability to compare population groups and to monitor changes over time. Pdf socioeconomic and health effects of khat chewing in. Khat farmers in its native regions do not grow the plants using seeds. Khat refers to the leaves and the young shoots of the plant catha edulis forsk, a species belonging to the plant family celastraceae. Some sources moreover, mention ethiopia as the origin of khat production and the country that takes the lion share of khat export to the rest of the world currently.
Khat chewing practice and associated factors among adults. Assessment of risk to the individual and society in the uk. This study explored the acceptable and problematic uses of khat from the perspective of users. This drawing power is due partly to the comparative ease with which it can be studied in ethiopia, kenya, and other countries where it is legal, but mainly to the continuing fascination of a stimulant disdained by policy makers as a drug, yet embraced by hundreds of thousands of farmers from yemen.
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